How long are promoter regions

The distal promoter regions are cis -regulatory sequences, thousands of base pairs away from a gene. The length of a promoter region can vary significantly from gene to gene. The core promoter contains characteristic motifs where general transcription factors can bind and recruit RNA polymerase.

The TATA box is a motif located base pairs upstream from the transcription start site. It is more flexible and less thermodynamically stable than other promoter motifs due to its high A-T content, allowing the efficient binding of the transcription machinery.

It is found in genes that require high levels of expression under specific conditions, such as those genes involved in cell differentiation. The CpG islands are another type of core promoter motif that regulates the expression of other types of genes, like housekeeping genes, that require constant expression in small amounts. They are called CpG islands because they contain sequences that are high in cytosine followed by guanine. CpG islands are also known to occur in distal promoter regions.

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Provide feedback to your librarian. If you have any questions, please do not hesitate to reach out to our customer success team. Login processing Chapter Gene Expression. Chapter 2: Biochemistry of the Cell. Chapter 3: Protein Structure. Chapter 4: Protein Function.

Chapter 6: DNA Replication. Chapter Mendelian Genetics. Chapter Genomes and Evolution. Featured Content. Introduction to Genomics. Polygenic Risk Scores. An exception are factors that recognize symmetric or palindromic sites.

In this case the factor can bind principally in both orientations. Some transcription factor binding sites must have a defined orientation relative to the promoter or the transcription start site, an example is the TATA-box. Most transcription factor binding sites can occur in both orientations in promoters or enhancers.

In addition, there is a technical aspect that has to be considered. Each matrix has a strand orientation which depends on the strand orientation of its training sequences used. You have to compare the value of 0. Highly specific or relatively long more than 25 bp matrices usually have a lower value for the optimized matrix similarity e. Therefore, if your value of 0. One feature of the matrix library is the integration of individual matrices into matrix families.

A family consists of matrices that represent similar DNA patterns or transcription factor binding sites with a similar biological function. The family concept leads to a significantly reduced output. Redundant matches are eliminated, because only the best match within a family is listed. If you are interested in individual sites for a factor select "matches to individual matrices".

The transcription factors assigned to the same family have very similar binding sites that cannot be distinguished by computational methods like MatInspector. It does not matter which individual matrix is given as best family match in the MatInspector output.

All transcription factors assigned to the family can physically bind to the predicted site. Which TF of the family binds in vivo depends on the biological context, e. A promoter is a regulatory region of DNA located upstream towards the 5' region of of a gene, providing a control point for regulated gene transcription. The promoter contains specific DNA sequences that are recognized by proteins known as transcription factors.

These factors bind to the promoter sequences, recruiting RNA polymerase, the enzyme that synthesizes the RNA from the coding region of the gene. Core promoter - the minimal portion of the promoter required to properly initiate transcription. Proximal promoter - the proximal sequence upstream of the gene that tends to contain primary regulatory elements. Difference between Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic Promoters.